American Journal of Archaeology

As an Early Imperial rural site of approximately two hectares in the hinterland of southern Tuscany with evidence of crafting and dwelling, Marzuolo belongs to an expanding and diverse group of known Roman minor centers. Between 2017 and 2019, excavations at Marzuolo revealed a blacksmithing workshop that was in operation in the first half of the first century CE and was violently destroyed in a fire and abandoned thereafter. As a result, the Marzuolo smithy presents a unique opportunity to investigate a “living” workshop, complete with its ephemeral features, worked objects, and comprehensive tool set. After reconstructing the chaîne opératoire of blacksmithing in its spatial setting at Marzuolo, this article integrates the rare find of the in situ tool set to argue for both a greater geographical, social, and functional pervasiveness of metals in the Roman countryside than has hitherto been acknowledged and for the importance of minor centers in forging the ties that bound a dynamic rural economy.

The statue of a seated boxer, discovered by Rodolfo Lanciani on the Quirinal Hill at Rome in 1885 and now in the Terme Museum, is today one of the most celebrated Hellenistic bronzes. This article focuses on a reexamination of the Terme Boxer. It argues that what has been largely lacking in the scholarly literature has been an analysis of the sculpture by someone with an expert knowledge of the sport of boxing. What may be gained by such knowledge is illustrated by examining an unpublished analysis of the Boxer and his likely fighting style by Paul Gallico, the well-known American boxing commentator. This is contained in a letter that he wrote to the British archaeologist and art historian Eugénie Strong in 1935, after he had examined the statue for a second time in Rome. The analysis also appears fictionalized in a scene in one of Gallico’s published short stories, but that reading of the statue has apparently gone unnoticed. This article concludes with an assessment of the significance of Gallico’s interpretation of the Terme Boxer in the context of the scholarly literature and the statue’s modern popular reception, especially by boxers.

This article examines the material remains related to theater and the cult of Dionysos on the island of Samothrace and its peraia (the coastal zone opposite the island, between Maroneia and Ainos) in combination with the written sources. The study first assesses the overall extent of Dionysiac presence and particularly the existence of theaters and theater-related artifacts in the heart of Aegean Thrace during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Second, the article offers a fresh examination of select portable finds and the Hellenistic theater in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods in relation to the developments at the Samothracian Peraia. The argument is made that in addition to the widely diffused Dionysiac cult and the overall Macedonian expansion, a decisive factor for the development of theater in the area can be traced in the local histories and the competition be­tween waning and rising political centers, and that the construction of the monumental theater on Samothrace was the result of the strong theater tradition on the opposite coast.

Baughan, E.P. See Özgen et al.

Baysal, E.L., and H. Sağlamtimur, Sacrificial Status and Prestige Burials: Negotiating Life, Death, and Identity Through Personal Adornment at Early Bronze Age I Başur Höyük, Turkey: 3–28

Beckmann, M., Stigmata and the Cupids of Piazza Armerina: 461–69

Calderbank, D., What’s in a Vessel’s Name? A Relational Text-Object Approach to the Uses of Mesopotamian Pottery: 29–64

Carannante, A. See Woźniak et al.

Carlson, D.N., and C. Pulak, George Fletcher Bass (1932–2021): 471–74

Carroll, J.W. See Garfinkel et al.

Carter, J.B., A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: 477–78

———, From the Editor-in-Chief: New Statement of Purpose for the AJA: 331–32

Chang, S.Y. See Garfinkel et al.

Choi, G. See Garfinkel et al.

Clerkin, C.C., and B.L. Taylor, Online Encounters with Museum Antiquities: 165–75

Colesniuc, S.M. See Janko et al.

David, A. See Garfinkel et al.

DeGrado, J., Syrian Fashion, Assyrian Style: Clothing Syro-Anatolia in Ninth-Century BCE Assyrian Art: 479–504

Donnelly, A. See Leidwanger et al.

Elkins, N.T., Libertas and Freedom from Financial Burdens in the Reigns of Trajan and Hadrian: 223–45

Erratum: 661

Garfinkel, Y., M.G. Hasel, M.G. Klingbeil, I. Kreimerman, M. Pytlik, J.W. Carroll, J.W.B. Waybright, H.-G. Kang, G. Choi, S.Y. Chang, S. Hong, A. David, I. Weissbein, and N. Silverberg, The Canaanite and Judean Cities of Lachish, Israel: Preliminary Report of the Fourth Expedition, 2013–2017: 419–59

Graham, A.S., Reading Visual Cues on the So-called Archive Wall at Aphrodisias: A Cognitive Approach to Monumental Documents: 571–601

Greene, E.S. See Leidwanger et al.

Hasel, M.G. See Garfinkel et al.

Haug, B., Politics, Partage, and Papyri: Excavated Texts Between Cairo and Ann Arbor (1924–1953): 143–63

Hong, S. See Garfinkel et al.

Ionescu, M. See Janko et al.

Janko, R., S.M. Colesniuc, M. Ionescu, and I. Pâslaru, Excavating and Conserving Europe’s Oldest Books: A Papyrus from Mangalia on the Black Sea (P. Callatis 1): 65–89

Kang, H.-G. See Garfinkel et al.

Kennell, N.M., Cultural History and Memory in the Stadium-Gymnasium Complex at Messene: 503–33

Klingbeil, M.G. See Garfinkel et al.

Kreimerman, I. See Garfinkel et al.

Lamont, J.L., Cursing Theophrastos in Paros: 207–22

Lancaster, L. See Smith and Lancaster.

Legarra Herrero, B., and M. Martinón-Torres, Heterogeneous Production and Enchained Consumption: Minoan Gold in a Changing World (ca. 2000 BCE): 333–60

Leidwanger, J., E.S. Greene, and A. Donnelly, The Sixth-Century CE Shipwreck at Marzamemi: 283–317

Macaulay-Lewis, E., Making The Met, 1870–2020: A Universal Museum for the 21st Century: 319–30

Martens, B., Delos and the Late Hellenistic Art Trade: Archaeological Directions: 535–70

Martinón-Torres, M. See Legarra Herrero and Martinón-Torres.

Moore, A.M.T., Nancy C. Wilkie, 1942–2021: 657–60

Moullou, D., Shedding Light on the Kothon: Vases with Inward Downturned Rims Revisited: 183–206

Ojeda, D., Fragments of Roman Sculptures from Hadrian’s Villa: 391–417

Osypińska, M. See Woźniak et al.

Özgen, İ., E.P. Baughan, and E. Ünlü, Hacımusalar Höyük in the Early Bronze Age: 603–38

Pâslaru, I. See Janko et al.

Pulak, C. See Carlson and Pulak.

Pytlik, M. See Garfinkel et al.

Rądkowska, J.K. See Woźniak et al.

Rogers, D.K., Sensing Water in Roman Greece: The Villa of Herodes Atticus at Eva-Loukou and the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis: 91–122

Sağlamtimur. See Baysal and Sağlamtimur.

Shaya, J., Lingering Tropes and Noteworthy Narratives in Recent Archaeology Exhibitions: 639–55

Sidebotham, S.E. See Woźniak et al.

Silverberg, N. See Garfinkel et al.

Smith, T.J., and L. Lancaster, J.J. Coulton, 1940–2020: 177–80

Souza, R. See Walthall and Souza.

Stone, D.L., A Letter from the Book Review Editor: 1

Taylor, B.L. See Clerkin and Taylor.

Ünlü, E. See Özgen et al.

Walthall, D.A., and R. Souza, Sortition in Hellenistic Sicily: New Archaeological Evidence from Morgantina: 361–90

Watson, G.C., The Development and Spread of Die Sharing in the Roman Provincial Coinage of Asia Minor: 123–42

Waybright, J.W.B. See Garfinkel et al.

Weissbein, I. See Garfinkel et al.

Woźniak, M.A., S.E. Sidebotham, M. Osypińska, A. Carannante, and J.K. Rądkowska, Ptolemaic Berenike: Resources, Logistics, and Daily Life in a Hellenistic Fortress on the Red Sea Coast of Egypt: 247–81

Online Only

Supplementary Content

Clerkin, C.C., and B.L. Taylor, Image Gallery: Online Encounters with Museum Antiquities

Garfinkel, Y., M.G. Hasel, M.G. Klingbeil, I. Kreimerman, M. Pytlik, J.W. Carroll, J.W.B. Waybright, H.-G. Kang, G. Choi, S.Y. Chang, S. Hong, A. David, I. Weissbein, and N. Silverberg, Image Gallery: The Canaanite and Judean Cities of Lachish, Israel: Preliminary Report of the Fourth Expedition, 2013–2017

Janko, R., S.M. Colesniuc, M. Ionescu, and I. Pâslaru, Image Gallery: Excavating and Conserving Europe’s Oldest Books: A Papyrus from Mangalia on the Black Sea (P. Callatis 1)

Legarra Herrero, B., and M. Martinón-Torres, Appendices: Heterogeneous Production and Enchained Consumption: Minoan Gold in a Changing World (ca. 2000 BCE)

Macaulay-Lewis, E., Image Gallery: Making The Met, 1870–2020: A Universal Museum for the 21st Century

Özgen, İ., E.P. Baughan, and E. Ünlü, Image Gallery: Hacımusalar Höyük in the Early Bronze Age

Book Reviews

Al-Zaidi, S.-A., Rev. of Thornton, Archaeologists in Print: Publishing for the People

Barber, E.J.W., Rev. of Levy, The Genesis of the Textile Industry from Adorned Nudity to Ritual Regalia: The Changing Role of Fibre Crafts and Their Evolving Techniques of Manufacture in the Ancient Near East from the Natufian to the Ghassulian

Becker, M.J., Rev. of Mogetta, ed., Elite Burial Practices and Processes of Urbanization at Gabii: The Non-adult Tombs from Area D of the Gabii Project Excavations

Benton, J.T., Rev. of Fentress and Limane, eds., Volubilis après Rome: Les fouilles UCL/INSAP, 2000–2005

Cartwright, R., Rev. of Hillerdal and Ilves, eds., Re-imagining Periphery: Archaeology and Text in Northern Europe from Iron Age to Viking and Early Medieval Periods

Chavela, K., Rev. of Dimakis and Dijkstra, eds., Mortuary Variability and Social Diversity in Ancient Greece: Studies on Ancient Greek Death and Burial

Cheung, C., Rev. of Van Oyen, The Socio-Economics of Roman Storage: Agriculture, Trade, and Family

Clarke, J.R., Rev. of Ivleva and Collins, eds., Un-Roman Sex: Gender, Sexuality, and Lovemaking in the Roman Provinces and Frontiers

Crawford-Brown, S., Rev. of Collins-Clinton, Cosa: The Sculpture and Furnishings in Stone and Marble

Davis, J.L., Rev. of Forsén, ed., Thesprotia Expedition IV: Region Transformed by Empire

Dixon, H., Rev. of Gorzelany, Macedonia–Alexandria: Monumental Funerary Complexes of the Late Classical and Hellenistic Age

Düring, B.S., Rev. of Faust, The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Southwest: Imperial Domination and Its Consequences

Erickson, B., Rev. of Lemos and Tsingarida, eds., Beyond the Polis: Rituals, Rites, and Cults in Early and Archaic Greece (12th–6th Centuries BC)

Goodman, P.J., Rev. of Emmerson, Life and Death in the Roman Suburb

Gordon, J.M., Rev. of Kearns and Manning, eds., New Directions in Cypriot Archaeology

Gosner, L.R., Rev. of Duckworth and Wilson, eds., Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy

Graham, E.-J., Rev. of Kiernan, Roman Cult Images: The Lives and Worship of Idols from the Iron Age to Late Antiquity

Hardman, A., Rev. of Cousins, The Sanctuary at Bath in the Roman Empire

Hobson, M.S., Rev. of Scheding, Urbaner Ballungsraum im römischen Nordafrika: Zum Einfluss von mikroregionalen Wirschafts- und Sozialstrukturen auf den Städtebau in der Africa Proconsularis

Holland Goldthwaite, L., Rev. of Graham, Reassembling Religion in Roman Italy

Horowitz, M.T., Rev. of Fischer and Bürge, Two Late Cypriot City Quarters at Hala Sultan Tekke: The Söderberg Expedition 2010–2017

Koloski-Ostrow, A.O., Rev. of Locicero, Liquid Footprints: Water, Urbanism, and Sustainability in Roman Ostia

Kouremenos, A., Rev. of Rojas, The Pasts of Roman Anatolia: Interpreters, Traces, Horizons

Kubiak-Schneider, A., Rev. of Mazzilli, Rural Cult Centres in the Hauran: Part of the Broader Network of the Near East (100 BC–AD 300)

Lancaster, J., Rev. of Jonasch, ed., The Fight for Greek Sicily: Society, Politics, and Landscape

Lund, J., Rev. of Papantoniou, Michaelides, and Dikomitou-Eliadou, eds., Hellenistic and Roman Terracottas

Lusnia, S.S., Rev. of Longfellow and Perry, eds., Roman Artists, Patrons, and Public Consumption: Familiar Works Reconsidered

Madole Lewis, S., Rev. of Crowley, The Phantom Image: Seeing the Dead in Ancient Rome

Maeir, A.M., Rev. of Prag, Excavations by K.M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967. Vol. 6, Sites on the Edge of the Ophel

Master, D.M., Rev. of Ilan, Dan IV: The Iron Age I Settlement. The Avraham Biran Excavations (1966–1999)

Middleton, G.D., Rev. of Lemos and Kotsonas, eds., A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean

Mogetta, M., Rev. of Yegül and Favro, Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity

Moses, V.C., Rev. of Allen, ed., The Role of Zooarchaeology in the Study of the Western Roman Empire

Mugnai, N., Rev. of Dell’Acqua, La decorazione architettonica di Brescia romana: Edifici pubblici e monumenti funerari dall’Età repubblicana alla tarda antichità

Olshanetsky, H., Rev. of Stern, Writing on the Wall: Graffiti and the Forgotten Jews of Antiquity

Papalexandrou, N., Rev. of Walter, Clemente, and Niemeier, Ursprung und Frühzeit des Heraion von Samos. Part 1, Topographie, Architektur und Geschichte

Petrakis, V., Rev. of Gorogianni, Pavúk, and Girella, eds., Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean

Poehler, E., Rev. of Pollard, Bombing Pompeii: World Heritage and Military Necessity

Rauh, N.K., Rev. of Berlin and Kosmin, eds., Spear-Won Land: Sardis from the King’s Peace to the Peace of Apamea

Reger, G., Rev. of Duckworth, Cuénod, and Mattingly, eds., Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond

———, Rev. of Sterry and Mattingly, eds., Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond

Roller, L.E., Rev. of Blakely and Collins, eds., Religious Convergence in the Ancient Mediterranean

Rothaus, R.M., Rev. of Roberston Brown, Corinth in Late Antiquity: A Greek, Roman and Christian City

Samuels, J.T., Rev. of Boschi, Giorgi, and Vermeulen, eds., Picenum and the Ager Gallicus at the Dawn of the Roman Conquest: Landscape Archaeology and Material Culture

Schneider, B., Rev. of Eppihimer, Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians

Sebastiani, A., Rev. of Patterson, Witcher, and Di Giuseppe, The Changing Landscapes of Rome’s Northern Hinterland: The British School at Rome’s Tiber Valley Project

Small, D.B., Rev. of Hodos, The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age: A Globalising World c. 1100–600 BCE

Smith, T.J., Rev. of Manakidou and Avramidou, eds., Η Κεραμική της Κλασικής Εποχής στο Βόρειο Αιγαίο και την Περιφέρειά του (480–323/300 π. Χ.). Classical Pottery of the Northern Aegean and Its Periphery (480–323/300 BC): Proceedings of the International Archaeological Conference, Thessaloniki, 17–20 May 2017

Stone, P.J., Rev. of Stern, Excavations at Maresha Subterranean Complex 169: Final Report, Seasons 2000–2016

Stone, S., Rev. of Masci, Archeologia a Camarina: Ceramiche e utensili in età ellenistica

Taylor, M.J., Rev. of Fitzpatrick and Haselgrove, eds., Julius Caesar’s Battle for Gaul: New Archaeological Perspectives

Thomason, A., Rev. of Gansell and Shafer, eds., Testing the Canon of Ancient Near Eastern Art and Archaeology

Trakadas, A., Rev. of Leidwanger, Roman Seas: A Maritime Archaeology of Eastern Mediterranean Economies

van Dommelen, P., Rev. of Zuchtriegel, Colonization and Subalternity in Classical Greece: Experience of the Nonelite Population

Walas, A.H., Rev. of Symonds, Protecting the Roman Empire: Fortlets, Frontiers, and the Quest for Post-conquest Security

Books Received

January 2021

April 2021

July 2021

October 2021

In the July 2021 issue, an author’s name was spelled incorrectly in the field report “The Canaanite and Judean Cities of Lachish, Israel: Preliminary Report of the Fourth Expedition, 2013–2017” (AJA 125.3:419–59). Correct spelling of the name is Noam Silverberg. The name has been corrected in the digital edition.

It is with a profound sense of loss that we mourn the passing of Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) Honorary President Nancy C. Wilkie on 18 January 2021. We offer thanks for her life, richly and energetically lived in the service of archaeology. Nancy gave so much, through her leadership, her scholarship, her teaching, her support for cultural heritage, her administrative skills, and her generous friendship. She had a larger vision than most of the importance of studying the past, all of it—from our ancestors’ remote Pleistocene beginnings down to recent times. She understood the importance of preserving the archaeological record of past human activities for present and future generations. To all of this she brought astounding energy, a love of adventure, and a desire to explore the world of the present day as well as that of the past across the globe.

Nancy’s achievements fell into four domains, an unusually broad spread of interests for any leading scholar. First, she was an excellent field archaeologist who carried out important surveys and excavations, notably in Greece. Much of this work she saw through to publication. Second, Nancy was a devoted teacher, creating virtually single-handed the archaeology program at Carle­ton College. She was an admired mentor and renowned instructor. Third, Nancy demonstrated notable leadership and administrative ability, especially as president of the AIA. And, finally, she was a pioneer in championing the preservation of the archaeological heritage worldwide. Here, her work with the U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield was of special importance.

Nancy possessed great moral strength combined with deep humanity. All of this was leavened with infectious warmth, good humor, and a lively sense of fun. She was the best of company and inspired so many through her teaching and example. She had a confident sense of who she was and what she stood for, combined with an intense loyalty to institutions, colleagues, students, and friends. No wonder, then, that so many held her in the highest regard and remember her with deep affection.

Nancy Clausen Wilkie was born on 27 December 1942 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She was thus a citizen of the Midwest, and this remained her home throughout her life. Nancy’s family was always supportive of her academic and professional achievements, a source of great strength to her throughout her life. Her firm grounding and strong sense of values no doubt owed much to her upbringing in the heartland. It was from this solid base that she went forth to undertake archaeological research and travel in Greece, the wider Mediterranean, Asia, and beyond. She possessed a great love of the outdoors, manifested in her enjoyment of skiing in the winter and sailing in the summer. An accomplished sailor, her chief source of relaxation was her sailboat on Lake Superior.

For her undergraduate studies, Nancy traveled west to Stanford University in California, graduating with a bachelor of arts degree in classics in 1964. That year she came back to the Midwest to undertake a master’s degree in Greek at the University of Minnesota. She remained there to complete a doctorate in Greek with a minor in history, graduating in 1975. During her doctoral training, she undertook fieldwork in Greece, joining the famed Minnesota Messenia Expedition from 1968 until 1975. In her doctoral dissertation, she investigated the tholos tomb at Nichoria and proceeded to publish extensively on the subject in the following years. Greece remained her first love for archaeological fieldwork throughout her life.

Before completing her doctorate, Nancy had begun to teach at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, in 1974 as an adjunct instructor in classics. Thus began a career-long devotion to Carleton and its students. Nancy rose steadily through the academic ranks, becoming Professor of Classics and Anthropology in 1993. In recognition of her outstanding service to the college and its students, Carleton named her the William H. Laird Professor of Classics, Anthropology, and the Liberal Arts in 2001. Nancy’s teaching embraced a wide range of topics: Greek language and literature, Greek archaeology and history, the archaeology of the Mediterranean, and human evolution and prehistory worldwide. Her inspiring teaching, and the supportive relationships she cultivated with her students, won her a devoted following. Many students and several of her faculty colleagues joined her in the field and in the various summer programs she led.

Carleton provided Nancy with the institutional support for a series of further archaeological explorations. Next came survey and excavations along a major complex of routes through Phokis and Doris, also in the Peloponnese. This, too, resulted in a series of significant publications. From there, Nancy transferred to Egypt with surveys and excavations at Naukratis from 1980 to 1984. Her final major project was at Grevena, this time in Greek Macedonia, from 1985 to 1991. This was essentially a survey project in an area hitherto little explored by archaeologists. To this list may be added fieldwork in Nepal in 1989 and 1991. And late in her career, she became involved in archaeological investigations in Sri Lanka. In all these endeavors, Nancy worked with colleagues, not only archaeologists but anthropologists, geologists, and others, using a truly interdisciplinary model. Each project was innovative in its approaches, scope, and themes, and resulted in numerous publications.

Nancy’s involvement with the AIA was career-long, beginning while she was an undergraduate. She became an active member and officer of the Minnesota Society of the AIA during the 1970s and 1980s, serving twice as its president. By the mid 1980s, she was a member of several AIA committees at the national level. This culminated in her election to the AIA governing board as an academic trustee in 1989. She then was elected as first vice president and served as president from 1998 to 2002.

Nancy’s presidency was a turning point for the organization. She took the position that the AIA should represent the best of current archaeological practice and also engage in outreach to a wider segment of the public. In other words, the AIA should look outward rather than inward. This became a theme of her time as president and a goal toward which she made much progress. Two examples of this thrust will help illuminate her achievements. The AIA had embarked on a major fundraising effort to endow the lecture program, hitherto largely supported from the annual budget. Nancy worked with Charles LaFollette to bring this effort to a successful conclusion. Many of the current named lectureships in the program derive from this successful campaign. A second focus was Nancy’s interest in AIA-sponsored archaeological tours. She saw this as an important exercise in outreach and also as a source of financial support. She worked very hard during her time as president and for many years afterward to expand AIA tours. This benefited the AIA greatly, not least as a recruiting ground for future trustees.

Nancy faced a number of challenges as president. She saw clearly that there was a need to strengthen the central administration of the organization, a task that she undertook most effectively. Although she lived and worked far away in Minnesota, she came to Boston monthly to work with the executive director and staff to make the administration of the AIA as smooth and efficient as possible. One of the most taxing issues was a severe shortfall in funds that occurred during her presidency, resulting in financial stress. She tackled this head-on by instituting budgetary rigor throughout the organization that successfully addressed the deficit. Because of her careful stewardship of the AIA’s finances, the endowment reached a new high that was not surpassed until recently. In 2003, in recognition of her years of service to the AIA, friends and admirers of Nancy contributed funds to establish the Nancy C. Wilkie Lecture in Archaeological Heritage in her honor.

Unusually for a past and then honorary president, Nancy chose to continue to serve the AIA in leadership positions long after she stepped down from the presidency. She became a member of the Lecture Program and Conservation and Site Preservation Committees, serving as the latter’s chair for several years. She also chaired the Tour Advisory Board for nearly a decade. She brought significant professional expertise and deep commitment to all these offices. 

Nancy was a strong supporter of the AIA’s role as a sponsoring organization of the Society of Professional Archaeologists, later the Register of Professional Archaeologists. This organization is dedicated to maintaining high professional and ethical standards of conduct by archaeologists. Nancy was a member of their executive board for two decades. Her service to other organizations included a multiyear commitment to the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. She served on its management committee and chaired its committee on excavations and surveys and also the committee on the Wiener Laboratory. Her deep engagement in the archaeology of Greece was of special value to the school.

Nancy took her educational responsibilities very seriously and used her talents to reach out to the widest possible audiences. It was this sense of mission that caused her to contribute to the AIA’s national lecture program for more than 40 years. She herself was an outstanding lecturer. Combining her love of travel with her lecturing skills, she was an enthusiastic participant in as well as staunch supporter of the AIA’s tour program. She was also a leader of Carleton’s tour program for alumni. Many of her tours were in the Mediterranean and Europe, but she also led trips to western Asia, India, Africa, and in the United States. She had a loyal following among tour participants who would sign up for multiple tours under her leadership.

Threats to cultural heritage worldwide have become more intense in recent decades with increasing destruction of archaeological sites and looting of their contents, notably during armed conflict. Nancy regarded this destruction as an attack on our very humanity and worked tirelessly to combat it. She was invited to serve on the Cultural Property Advisory Committee of the U.S. Department of State by President George W. Bush, an appointment that was continued by President Barack Obama. This committee advises the federal administration on restrictions on the traffic in archaeological and ethnological artifacts. Nancy was its longest serving member, and her understanding of the state of heritage preservation globally was an invaluable asset to the committee in its work. Nancy strove vigorously to protect cultural heritage worldwide. To this end she cofounded the U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield, becoming its secretary in 2006 and its president from 2013 to 2020. The Blue Shield is an international organization that protects cultural heritage from destruction caused by conflict and environmental disasters. Nancy’s contribution was so highly valued that she was elected to the board of Blue Shield International and served from 2014 to 2020. It was in recognition of her extraordinary efforts to protect archaeological sites and artifacts that the AIA honored Nancy with the Outstanding Public Service Award at its recent annual meeting in January 2021. This was a most fitting tribute to her tireless efforts in the archaeological heritage field and all that she had done to promote archaeology in the public domain.

Nancy’s public achievements were accomplished through the organizations that she chose to serve, usually as a leader. They provided excellent vehicles through which she could advance her vision of the importance of understanding the human past in order to know ourselves. And she had a deep sense of the value for us in the present of the tangible remains created by our forebears. All of this came from Nancy’s firm grounding in the basics of archaeology. She had a strong commitment to field archaeology as a discipline and believed in maintaining the highest standards in its practice. She understood that the results of archaeological investigations needed to see the light of day in formal publication. Beyond that, she also believed that it was up to archaeologists themselves to bring their work to the attention of a wider public, preferably in person. It was this that sustained her through all those lecture tours at home and overseas. She loved to travel and to experience the world through the eyes of people who lived in distant places and different circumstances. These adventures allowed her to see firsthand just how fragile the archaeological heritage was across the world and how often it was subject to damage and destruction. She believed that as much as possible had to be preserved for the future if we were to learn all we could from ancient sites and artifacts. It was this understanding that sustained her efforts at cultural heritage protection, even as her final illness taxed her strength to the limit.

Colleagues, students, friends, and more distant admirers of Nancy Wilkie know that she touched their lives in special ways. All will retain a unique memory of her, the ready laugh, the clarity of her observations, her strong sense of ethics, and the depth of her humanity. She committed herself with energy and a clear sense of direction to archaeology and the preservation of our heritage inheritance. We miss her profoundly and will hold her always in our hearts. We extend our deepest sympathy to her beloved husband Craig Anderson and her family.

Andrew M.T. Moore, Honorary President
Archaeological Institute of America
New Castle, New Hampshire
amtmoore@gmail.com

On the first Monday of every month, the American Journal of Archaeology publishes online a list of current and upcoming exhibitions related to topics within the scope of the journal (https://www.ajaonline.org/exhibits). A survey of the listings, which cover the years 2017–2021, tells two stories. The first, centering on exhibition titles, points to the residual power of lingering tropes, with an image of archaeology in which pharaohs and treasures loom large. The second story points to noteworthy narratives, including histories of collecting, museums, and fieldwork, along with shows that bring ancient objects together with works by contemporary artists. This story has to do with multilayered histories of objects, with questions of provenance, heritage, and representation. Examination of some specific examples highlights ways in which exhibitions have been exploring the roles of museums as sites of collection, fragmentation, preservation, and decontextualization.

Excavations at Hacımusalar Höyük in southwestern Turkey have uncovered thousands of years of occupation history, from the Early Bronze Age through the Late Byzantine era. This article offers a general survey of the Bronze Age occupation levels so far explored on the northern and western slopes of the mound, with particular focus on two well-preserved Early Bronze II destruction levels, closely superimposed. We present selected finds and architectural features from each stratigraphic level in sequence and discuss their significance for current theories of cultural interaction and social organization in West Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age. This new evidence indicates that Hacımusalar Höyük and the Elmalı plain were more connected with other parts of Anatolia than recent studies of Early Bronze Age cultural zones suggest but still maintained a distinctive regional character.

The experience of reading a monumental document is fundamentally different from reading a document as a text. Interdisciplinary studies on cognitive perception in neuroscience, psychology, and anthropology, together with recent projects on emotions in the field of classics, emphasize the importance of situating an experience in sensory contexts. This study will apply cognitive scholarship on the process of reading to assessments of how we perceive and read monumental documents. The so-called Archive Wall at Aphrodisias, more accurately described as an epigraphic dossier, perhaps even a monument of self-promotion, provides an ideal case study in terms of preservation and publication of documents in a monumental context. Building on a tradition of scholarship, I examine practical points in the experience of reading an inscribed document as a monument: the role of context, formulae, and visual cues. Assessing these aspects of monumental documents, I consider how monumental documents may have been read and why these documents attracted attention. The methodology approaches the process of reading by examining the physical context and visual cues on this epigraphic dossier and exploring how a general audience of passing viewers may have perceived and read this monument.

This article identifies a group of marble statuettes of Aphrodite that were probably carved on Delos during the late second and first centuries BCE. The statuettes date to a critical period in the history of Graeco-Roman art when the production of classical-looking forms in marble was intensifying amid growing demand from private consumers. By gathering these statuettes and documenting their findspots, it is possible to reconstruct the responses of one group of Greek sculptors to the contemporary art trade. The emergence of a wide market for statues based on earlier works is usually attributed to the appetites of a wealthy clientele based on the Italian peninsula; however, this group of statuettes demonstrates a different pattern: consumption centered exclusively in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Long-held views that frame the copy industry as a phenomenon of Roman influence and demand have focused narrowly on ancient authors such as Cicero and on shipwrecked cargoes that lack certainly identifiable destinations. Italian buyers undoubtedly played a pivotal role in the expansion of the Late Hellenistic marble-carving industry, but local and regional communities in Greece also formed a substantial consumer constituency. The article concludes by reconsidering the artistic relations between Delos and Athens during the Late Hellenistic period.